Careless questions and comments about the victim's role can deepen the effects of trauma. Secondary victimisation — a poorly conducted interview, a lack of empathy, myths about victims — can cause the trauma to be relived.
Harmful myths about sexual violence
According to the WHO, about 80% of perpetrators are people known to the victim. False accusations account for 2–10% of reported crimes. Sexual violence is dramatically underreported.
- Myth: the perpetrator is a stranger. Fact: ~80% are people known to the victim (WHO)
- Myth: the victim must put up physical resistance. Fact: freezing is a normal reaction
- Myth: no visible injuries = no violence
- Myth: the victim should report the incident immediately
How does trauma affect a victim's account?
Cortisol released during trauma disrupts the hippocampus — which is why memories are fragmentary and chaotic. Gaps in memory and inconsistencies in an account are evidence of trauma, not of lying. A victim may say „it’s my fault” — this is a defence mechanism, not an admission of guilt.
The LIVES model — first-line support (WHO)
The LIVES model is a structured approach to first contact with a person after trauma:
- L — Listen — active listening without interrupting
- I — Inquire — about needs and concerns, not about the details of the incident
- V — Validate — „it’s not your fault”, „your reactions are understandable”
- E — Enhance safety — risk assessment and a plan
- S — Support — refer to appropriate resources
Practical tips for professionals
- Ensure physical comfort and privacy during the conversation
- Use plain language, avoid legal jargon
- Allow for breaks and time to respond
- Obtain informed consent before every procedure
- Approach a chaotic account with patience — it is the norm, not manipulation